Chasing the Northern Lights is a once-in-a-lifetime experience and something that draws many travelers to Norway's upper reaches. The country is the perfect setting to spot the colorful aurora borealis. This bucket-list experience can be easily combined with snowshoeing, dogsledding, reindeer feedings, cultural activities, or simply relaxing under the polar night sky.
Norway is one of the most scenic countries in the world, with over 60,000 miles of coastline, towering mountain peaks, incredible fjord landscapes, endless islets, and a mix of marine wildlife. So if you're looking for a trip that will take your breath away, Norway is it. Discover the unique beauty of the Arctic Circle, explore the dense forests and tall cliffs of the fjords, and embrace some of the country's famous scenic viewpoints.
Tromsø is Norway's "Gateway to the Arctic," as the city sits above the Arctic Circle and offers easy access to the renowned Lofoten Islands and the country's northernmost reaches. But despite being so remote, the city is a vibrant, lively metropolis, lovingly referred to as the "Paris of the North." Enjoy the annual Bukta open-air music festival or visit one of the famed breweries. Discover the area's wildlife with whale safaris or watch the Northern Lights dance across the sky on a dinner cruise.
Dogsledding is one of those quintessential Norwegian activities that you can enjoy throughout the country's northern reaches in wintertime. From the charming eastern village of Røros to the city of Tromsø or the northern hub of Alta, there are plenty of opportunities to enjoy this cultural experience. Even in the summer months, you can still hike with the Huskies and learn about their lives outside of winter.
This exciting and less-traveled itinerary takes you into Norway's boreal territory for spectacular snowcapped scenery in the Arctic region. Base yourself in the quietly sophisticated city of Tromsø (Northern Norway's largest), where you can sled with huskies and reindeer during the day and chase the Northern Lights after dark. At the end of the adventure, you'll take a guided overnight excursion in the Arctic wilderness before returning to 'Paris of the North' for one more night on the town.
Lace up your boots and let a private guide show you this lesser-visited region of Northern Norway. With the stunning Lyngen Alps at your doorstep and extended daylight (summer) hours, you'll take part in six days of trekking with the village of Lyngseidet as your base. Highlights include the Steindalsbreen Glacier, the Gorsabrua Gorge, a trail created by WWII prisoners, a free day for biking or boating, and finally a night in Tromsø — dubbed the 'Paris of the North'.
There's no need to hibernate for the winter, as Tromsø offers so many exciting outdoor activities. Learn all about the Norwegian Arctic on this five-day trip. Get to know the small town, with its cute traditional architecture, as you'll have plenty of free time to explore on your own. Take a trip out of town to see the colorful, dancing Northern Lights. Take a whale-watching trip in the fiords, where you'll spot a variety of sea birds as well as different types of whale. Top off your trip with a thrilling dog sledding ride through the snowy winter landscape.
Most people visiting Tromsø spend about a week to 10 days in Norway, which usually includes some time in Oslo and Fjord Region as well. For travelers wanting to visit Tromsø exclusively, plan five to six days for a well-paced trip. A fast-paced highlights trip is possible in three or four days for travelers with limited time. For the best itineraries, including Tromsø, keep reading below.
Norway's snowy landscapes above the Arctic Circle offer perfect conditions for dog sledding. With this 8-day itinerary, you'll spend half of the trip at a sustainable farm taking part in day-trips (traveling by dog sled, of course) involving trapping and fishing, while learning about local culture with an expert guide. Spend the other half of the trip in the 'Paris of the North'—a lively city called Tromsø—to round out this fun adventure.
This active winter trip gets to the heart of Northern Norway's spectacular snow-covered scenery. Starting in Tromsø, you'll explore the 'Paris of the North' before transferring to Trapper's Farm where you'll participate in a unique, yet cozy experience involving fishing and dogsledding in the wilderness. Then bus to Norway's 2nd largest island—Senja—for whale watching and snowshoeing along the stunning Arctic coast.
This exciting and less-traveled winter adventure (November to April) takes you deep into Norway's boreal territory for spectacular snowcapped scenery. The tour begins in the quietly sophisticated city of Tromsø where you can sled with huskies during the day and chase the Northern Lights after dark. Continue to Alta for snowsports in the Arctic and a UNESCO World Heritage Site comprised of rock carvings.
This exciting and less-traveled winter adventure takes you deep into Norway's boreal territory. Your week-long tour between November and April begins in the quietly sophisticated city of Tromsø, where you can sled with huskies during the day and chase the Northern Lights after dark. Continue to Alta by car or bus for snowsports in the Arctic wilderness and a UNESCO World Heritage Site comprised of rock carvings. To up the Alta adventure factor, spend your last two nights in a nearby hotel made of snow and ice.
Explore northern Norway at your own speed with this self-drive itinerary. Seven days allows you sufficient time to explore the city of Tromsø and its historic streets, hike around isolated islands like Senja and Sommarøy, and sea safari alongside the fjord wildlife on your journey.
For a trip to inspire adults and kids alike, spend a week in Norway's wintry north. Starting in historic Tromsø, you'll travel to a Sámi camp and then to the small coastal village of Mefjord Brygge. Along the way, you'll meet the locals, get up close to reindeer, and go dogsledding. You'll even see the spectacular northern lights from some of Norway's best viewing spots—making this holiday the adventure of a lifetime!
A week to 10 days is the most popular trip length for Norway travelers interested in visiting both Bergen and Tromsø, especially when also including Oslo and Flåm. If you're only headed to Bergen and Tromsø, you can enjoy a comfortably-paced trip in six to 10 days. With less time, it's still possible to see the highlights in as few as five days. For the best itineraries, including Bergen and Tromsø, keep reading below.
Travelers to Norway typically plan a trip for seven to eight days when combining both Tromsø and Senja with Andenes. For travelers wanting to visit Tromsø and Senja exclusively, plan five to six days for a well-paced trip. With less time, it's still possible to see the highlights in as few as four days. For the best itineraries, including Tromsø and Senja, keep reading below.
Most travelers will find that a week to eight days is perfect for a well-paced Norway trip with stops in both Alta and Tromsø. It's also possible to hit the highlights in five or six days if you don't mind a fast-paced journey. Travelers with more time can enjoy extra sights and activities at each stop or explore more of the country—some favorite itinerary extensions include Oslo, Inner Troms, or Lyngen. Keep reading for more inspiring Alta and Tromsø itineraries.
Travelers to Norway typically plan a trip for a week to 10 days when combining both the Fjord Region and Tromsø with Oslo. If you're not interested in Oslo, 6 to 10 days are enough for your Fjord Region and Tromsø trip. With less time, it's still possible to see the highlights in as few as five days. Check out kimkim's favorite Fjord Region and Tromsø trips below.
Discover Norway's most beautiful season with this eight-day winter adventure by land, sea, and air. Starting in the country's buzzing capital, you'll head west, enjoying spectacular scenery along the famous Flåm Railway. From here, venture through fjords by boat, explore the majestic mountains of Voss, and stroll through the historic wharf city of Bergen. Finish off by flying north to Tromsø—gateway to the Arctic—where you'll venture into the wintry landscape to go dogsledding and (weather permitting) catch a glimpse of the northern lights.
This adventurous weeklong road trip from late May to late August begins and ends in Tromsø, the country's gateway to the Arctic, where—during summer months—the sun never sets on these gorgeous views. From here, you'll journey through rugged landscapes of Norway's second largest island (Senja), and partake in active outings like cycling, kayaking, and swimming before ferrying to another less-populated island (Andøya) where spotting whales is practically a guarantee. Hike the coastal trail on the Queen’s Route before heading back to Tromsø for a few more nights of Scandinavian fun.
This fast-paced—and very active—winter tour in Norway is not for the faint of heart. Starting and ending in Tromsø, the gateway to the Arctic, you'll set course on a 15-day itinerary partaking in horseback riding, dog and reindeer sledding, snowshoeing, snowmobiling, and cruising the water by kayak, speedboat, and Hurtigruten. Of course, each night provides an opportunity to see the northern lights to round out your arctic adventure.
Experience the magic of a Norwegian winter with this diverse 8-day itinerary. After a night in the thriving capital of Oslo, you'll take one of the steepest trains in the world to Flåm's snow-covered fjords. Journey west to Bergen, where you’ll explore its UNESCO-listed waterfront and vibrant restaurants before flying north to picturesque Tromsø. Finish the trip with two nights in the Arctic wilderness, dogsledding through snowy forests and searching for the northern lights.
Dramatic, snow-covered mountains and the Northern Lights are highlights of this 6-day adventure above the Arctic Circle. Starting in Bodø, you'll ferry to the stunning Lofoten Islands and drive at your own pace through some of Norway's oldest and most colorful fishing towns. Then, exchange your rental car for an overnight coastal steamer where you'll travel to Tromsø for some urban culture and dog sledding.
Take a whirlwind tour through Norway’s most enchanting destinations on this diverse 6-day itinerary. Start on the southwest coast, where you’ll settle into historic UNESCO-listed Bergen for three nights. Discover the charming port city's character-filled cobbled streets and lively atmosphere, then venture deep into the iconic scenery of the fjords, where you’ll travel by train and boat through some of the country’s most spectacular landscapes. End your Norwegian adventure with a flight to the far north, where the Arctic city of Tromsø serves as your base to explore pristine wilderness by dogsled and go searching for the elusive northern lights.
Skip the summer crowds with this autumn-themed itinerary in Norway's far north. The adventure begins in Tromsø—'Gateway to the Arctic'—with time to explore the city and a nearby farm. From here, you'll ferry to Senja island and then cruise to the northernmost point of Europe. Continue by bus to Alta for UNESCO-listed rock carvings before returning to Tromsø. Activities depend on the snow (or lack thereof), and each night presents another opportunity to spot the Northern Lights.
Skip the crowds and explore Norway at its best with this varied 9-day winter itinerary. Start in the trendy capital of Oslo, where you'll hop on a steep, scenic train to reach the snow-covered mountains and fjords of Flåm. Spend three nights in the colorful, UNESCO-listed waterfront city of Bergen before flying north to end your journey in Tromsø—where you'll search for the northern lights and dogsled through pristine Arctic wilderness.
This exciting and less-traveled winter adventure takes you deep into Norway's boreal territory for spectacular snowcapped scenery. The trip kicks off in Tromsø, a sophisticated little city known as the 'Paris of the North'. From here, make your way east to Kirkenes—traveling by bus—while taking advantage of unique Arctic excursions and numerous possibilities for spotting the Northern Lights.
This 12-day road trip starts from Tromsø, Norway's 'Gateway to the Arctic', where—in May, June, and July—the sun never sets on these gorgeous views. From here, you'll steer yourself through the rugged landscapes of Senja island and partake in active outings before ferrying across to another less-populated island (Andøya) where spotting whales is practically a guarantee. Hike a coastal trail before heading back to the lively city of Tromsø for a few more nights of Scandinavian fun.
This scenic winter adventure traverses the Norwegian Arctic and checks off a number of natural and cultural sites starting in the city of Tromsø, nicknamed 'Paris of the North'. From here, hit the road and see rock art in Alta, learn about the indigenous Sami people in Karasjok, and visit a hotel made of snow along the Finnish/Russian border. Each day ends with another opportunity to view the Northern Lights in this beautiful and remote part of the world.
Escape the summer crowds with this winter trip highlighting both southern and northern Norway. Starting in Oslo—Europe's fastest-growing capital—you'll take one of the steepest trains in the world towards the fjords. Then train to Bergen, a UNESCO-listed city loaded with culture and restaurants. Finish with two nights at a resort in the Arctic where you'll dog sled and search for the Northern Lights.
Take yourself on a 10-day journey through the Arctic landscapes of northern Norway with this glorious self-drive itinerary. You'll explore the craggy coasts, isolated islands, and extensive networks of hiking trails via boat safaris, kayak tours, and your own two legs. Learn about Norwegian history, try to spot eagles, and pet some dogsled huskies along the way.
Most people visiting Oslo, Bergen, and Tromsø spend about 7 to 10 days in Norway, which usually includes some time in Flåm as well. For travelers wanting to visit Oslo, Bergen, and Tromsø exclusively, plan 7 to 9 days for a well-paced trip. Even travelers with limited time can see the highlights in as few as 6 days. Check out our favorite Oslo, Bergen, and Tromsø trips below.
Bundle up warm and immerse yourself in the beauty of a Norwegian winter with this exciting 10-day itinerary. Start in the country's south, where you'll spend two days soaking up the culture and cool of Oslo. After a day sailing through the breathtaking scenery of the fjords, head to the coast to explore the historic port city of Bergen without the summer crowds. Fly north to finish your adventure above the Arctic Circle, where you'll search for the northern lights, learn to dogsled, and discover the lively Arctic city of Tromsø.
This arctic itinerary starts in the city of Tromsø before five days of adventure in Northern Norway, Finland, and Sweden. With the help of your private guide, get to know your team of huskies by name, drive your own sled, and enjoy traditional meals around the campfire. Fall asleep each night in traditional Sami tents—or stay up to look for the Northern Lights.
Experience the best of Norway's winter season in this fun weeklong adventure by land, sea, and air. After a night in the country's buzzing capital, you'll head west whilst enjoying spectacular scenery along the famous Flåm Railway. From here, explore the mountains of Voss and stroll the historic wharf city of Bergen. Finish in Tromsø—gateway to the Arctic—and partake in outdoor activities like dog sledding and (weather permitting) a glimpse of the Northern Lights.
Journey deep into Norway's boreal territory on this 8-day winter adventure. Begin in the far northern city of Tromsø, where you'll sled with reindeer during the day and chase the aurora borealis after dark. Continue to Alta (known as "the town of the northern lights") for snowcapped scenery and winter sports in the Arctic wilderness. After skiing, snowshoeing, and dog sledding your way through the wintry landscapes, spend your evenings warming up in the sauna and stargazing in a rustic lodge.
Looking for the family-friendly Norwegian adventure of a lifetime? Starting in Tromsø, "Gateway to the Arctic," you and your family will continue to historic Alta and Senja Island. Along the way, you'll get up close to reindeer, huskies, and whales, learn to snowshoe and cross-country ski, tour an igloo hotel, and, of course, hunt the northern lights. This trip will surely give your family more than a few exciting memories and stories to tell!
Most travelers will find that a week to eight days is perfect for a well-paced Norway trip with stops in Tromsø, Senja, and Vesterålen. Travelers with less time can hit the route's highlights in five or six days, which makes for a fast-paced journey. Travelers with more time can enjoy extra sights and activities at each stop or explore more of the country—some favorite itinerary extensions include Oslo, Lofoten Islands, or Finnsnes. Keep reading for more inspiring Tromsø, Senja, and Vesterålen itineraries.
Most travelers will find that 7 to 10 days is perfect for a well-paced Norway trip with stops in Oslo, the Fjord Region, and Tromsø. If you don't mind a fast-paced journey, you can see the highlights of this route in less time—as few as five or six days. With more time, you can enjoy extra activities at each stop or a few days in another region like Lofoten Islands, Hurtigruten, or Senja. See more ideas for Oslo, Fjord Region, and Tromsø itineraries below.
Expect uninterrupted snowscapes and Northern Lights sightings on this Arctic adventure. The trip starts in Tromsø, the 'Paris of the North' and your base for several snow activities. Then set sail on the Hurtigruten to the Lofoten Islands before heading to Trondheim, the UNESCO-listed village called Røros, and finally a night in cosmopolitan Oslo.
Wilder, greener, and more remote than the Lofoten Islands (though you'll have a night here, too), those who come to the Vesterålen archipelago will have access to hiking trails, peaceful beaches, rock formations, and seaside teeming with whales, not to mention extended daylight hours to soak it in by land and sea. Finish with an overnight coastal steamer to Tromsø —a lively city nicknamed 'Paris of the North'.
In less than a week, experience snow-covered scenery and the Northern Lights with this photogenic road-trip through the Lofoten Islands. The trip begins with a car ferry from Bodø, where you'll drive across the coastline at your own pace and explore some of Norway's oldest and most colorful fishing towns hugging the shore with traditional red 'rorbu' (fishermen's huts). Conclude the adventure with an overnight coastal steamer to Tromsø for a slice of Northern Norway's biggest city.
This quick-paced yet relaxed Nordic itinerary hits two key spots above the Arctic Circle for travelers keen on skipping high season crowds. You'll start in Tromsø with two days to explore the 'Paris of the North' by foot. From here, travel to Senja, Norway's 2nd largest island, where a local guide who will show you otherworldly coastline, wildlife, fishing villages, and inland lakes and forests. Finish with a Hurtigruten ride through the Norwegian Sea to complete this off-the-beaten-path adventure.
Not for the faint of heart, this epic 13-day trip through Norway's wintry north includes a dizzying array of destinations, travel modes, and activities that are highly unique to the Arctic. Start in the capital of Oslo and then take a train to the UNESCO-listed village of Røros. From here, dog sled in the mountains and walk through Trondheim before sailing to the Lofoten Islands. Finish with an overnight cruise to Tromsø for more dog sledding and sophisticated dining options in the 'Paris of the North'.
This autumn-themed trip for two explores Norway's snowy Arctic with a variety of travel modes and cozy accommodations. Start with great culture and restaurants in Tromsø before heading to Lyngenfjord, where you'll stay in a glass-topped igloo—prime for spotting the Northern Lights. Then, take an overnight cruise to the Lofoten Islands where you'll pick up a rental car to explore the dramatic landscapes at your own pace.
After arriving in Oslo, you'll have an afternoon to explore this capital before traveling along the scenic Flåm Railway to the Flåm Village and then taking a ferry to Balestrand, and you'll spend the evening at this fjord-side town. You'll then take another ferry to Bergen, a culturally-rich city with a vibrant bar and restaurant scene, where you'll enjoy a walking tour which includes heading to the top of Mount Fløyen for a view over the city. Your final destination is Tromsø, a charming seaside town, and from here you'll head out in the evening to chase the northern lights!
This exciting 13-day adventure—between late February to early April—takes you deep into Norway's boreal territory for unique winter-themed activities and few crowds. After a few days in Oslo, it's time to fly to Tromsø, 'Gateway to the Arctic', where you'll experience local culture and a farm in the wilderness. Then, drive to Alta, Karasjok, and the North Cape for UNESCO-listed rock art, Sami culture, dog sledding, and hiking around Europe's northernmost point before circling back along the stunning coast.
Most travelers will find that about five days is perfect for a well-paced Norway trip with stops in the Lofoten Islands, Tromsø, spending the night on the Hurtigruten coastal ferry, and Bodø. Or, extend your trip and explore more of the country—some of the best-loved trip extensions include Vesterålen or Oslo. See more ideas for the Lofoten Islands, Tromsø, the Hurtigruten, and Bodø itineraries below.
For most travelers, about eight days is the perfect amount of time for a Norway trip, with stops in Oslo, Bergen, Balestrand, and Tromsø. If you don't mind a fast-paced journey, you can see the highlights of this route in less time—as few as seven days. Travelers with more time can enjoy extra sights and activities at each stop or explore more of the country—some favorite itinerary extensions include Flåm. Keep reading for more inspiring Oslo, Bergen, Balestrand, and Tromsø itineraries.
For most travelers, 7 to 10 days is the perfect amount of time for a Norway trip, with stops in Oslo, Bergen, Flåm, and Tromsø. It's also possible to hit the highlights in six days if you don't mind a fast-paced journey. Or, extend your trip and explore more of the country—some of the best-loved trip extensions include Svolvær, Hurtigruten, or Lofoten Islands. See more ideas for Oslo, Bergen, Flåm, and Tromsø itineraries below.
This two-week adventure from late September to late March covers a great deal of Norwegian ground for an unforgettable winter trip. You'll experience snow-covered scenery as you visit Norway's lower half (Oslo, Flåm, Bergen) before flying north to the Arctic Circle. From Bodø, you'll catch a ferry to the Lofoten Islands—the southwestern point of this dramatic archipelago with granite mountains shooting up from the sea. Finish the tour with an overnight coastal steamer and enjoy unique activities in Tromsø and Alta before returning back to Oslo for one more night on the town.
This two-week adventure is ideal for travelers who want to make the most of Norway's summer. Start off exploring southern Norway (Oslo, Bergen and the Sognefjord) before flying to the Arctic Circle. From here, you'll rent a car and head to the rugged island of Senja for an active two days of cycling and kayaking before ferrying to smaller Andenes for whale watching. The adventure ends in lively Tromsø and Oslo for festivals and outdoor restaurants.
This exciting two-week road trip from late February to early April takes you deep into Norway's boreal territory for unique winter-themed activities and few crowds. Your self-drive tour begins from Tromsø, 'Gateway to the Arctic', where you can ride a cable car, meet reindeer, and chase the Northern Lights after dark. Continue to Alta for some of the oldest rock art in existence today (a UNESCO World Heritage Site) and a 3-day dogsledding tour. From here, drive to Karasjok and Europe's northernmost point where you can hike along the stunning North Cape before flying to Oslo for one more night on the town.
Whisk the family away on a thrilling Arctic adventure with this two-week tour of Norway's winter highlights. Perfect for those with older kids, discover the stunning snowcapped peaks and glittering scenery around the Sognefjord and Nærøyfjord as you ride with huskies, snowmobile the icy terrain, and snowshoe hike in Flåm. Finish with a thrilling chase to catch the dancing aurora borealis and make memories to treasure as you experience Sámi hospitality and sled with reindeer.
For families seeking adventure and wildlife amid the beauty of Norway's fjords and northern shores, look no further than this perfectly curated 10-day trip. Journey through dramatic mountains and waterfalls on one of the world's steepest railways before traveling above the Arctic Circle to experience the midnight sun. Along the way, you'll sail through fjords, spot sea eagles and dolphins, ride cable cars along mountain peaks, and zipline the highest of Bergen's mountains.
Travel above the Arctic Circle with this relaxed two-week family adventure that starts in Tromsø and whisks you to the island of Senja and the Lofoten archipelago. Travel through northern Norway's dramatic peaks and discover secluded sandy coves as you cruise through breathtaking fjords and experience the phenomenon of the midnight sun. Along the way, hike with huskies, spot gigantic sea eagles, and discover tiny fishing villages where time stands still.
This epic trip through Norway's wintry north includes a mix of travel modes and activities unique to the Arctic. Your adventure begins in the exciting capital of Oslo followed by the UNESCO-listed village of Røros where you'll dogsled in the mountains. From here, head to the historic city of Trondheim followed by a flight to Tromsø for an overnight in the wilderness. Cap it off with a coastal steamer ride to the Lofoten Islands to snorkel with whales and see the Northern Lights by horseback.
Expect continuous snowscapes and frequent Northern Lights sightings on this 13-day Arctic itinerary that includes fun modes of transportation. The trip starts in Tromsø where you'll have time to explore the 'Paris of the North' before setting sail on the Hurtigruten towards the dramatic Lofoten Islands. From here, head to Norway's third-largest city and the UNESCO-listed village called Røros for a range of activities. Wrap it up with a night in the exciting capital city—Oslo—to finish the adventure.
In Bergen, you can enjoy a local tour of this cobble-stoned wharf city before taking a scenic train journey to Geilo where you will have a day of skiing. The railway will then take you to Aurland, where you'll have a cruise on Nærøyfjord and then depart to Oslo for two nights on the Flåm Railway before flying to Tromsø. Here, you will chase the northern lights in a sled pulled by reindeers and enjoy an authentic wilderness hunting experience—and you'll then make your way to Alta—where you will discover rock art and stay overnight in the Igloo Hotel.
This fast-paced winter trip through Norway's icy north features a stack of unique Arctic activities and off-the-beaten-path destinations. Each day presents another opportunity for unreal snowy views and a connection with local culture. Snorkel with orcas, dogsled with a team of huskies, stay overnight in an Indigenous Sámi tent, and best of all, get multiple chances to see the northern lights—including on horseback.
Ready for a wintry Northern Norway adventure? On this 11-day itinerary, you'll dogsled in the mountains, visit Røros and Trondheim, and stay overnight at a local farm. Then, take a coastal steamer to the dramatic Lofoten Islands where you'll snorkel with whales (yes, even in winter) and see the Northern Lights by horseback.
This fun and fast-paced itinerary explores the best of Norway's stunning Arctic coast. Starting from Tromsø, the 'Paris of the North', you'll head to Senja island, the Vesterålen Islands, and Lofoten Islands, respectively. Choose between a number of scenic outdoor activities as you travel by rental car and Hurtigruten cruise—all under the extended daylight hours of the 'Midnight Sun'—for the ultimate summer adventure.
Cross the Arctic Circle in comfort on this unforgettable 15-day journey up the Norwegian coast. Starting in Bergen, you'll cruise north through a breathtaking coastal landscape of alpine fjords, towering mountains, and colorful fishing villages. Explore the ancient city of Trondheim, discover the magic of the Lofoten and Vesterålen Islands, and visit the "Arctic capital" of Tromsø. Your trip of a lifetime ends in the far north as you disembark at Kirkenes—the most isolated town in Europe.
